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In September 1933, the National Revolutionary Army under Chiang Kai-shek eventually completely encircled Jiangxi, with the advice and tactical assistance of his German adviser, Hans von Seeckt. [119] An article in Steel Construction says the actual time of the lift will be 21 minutes. Around 2,000 people were killed by the four bombs collectively.[4]. The distance is about 517km (321mi), requiring 8.5 9.5 hours for a one-way trip. They panicked and fled.[46]. The moving mass (including counterweights) is 34,000 tonnes. There is a train service to Kunming with one overnight and two day trains, and one day train to Dali. Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the centerpiece of the 1889 World's Fair. [127], Plans also exist for the construction of short portage railways bypassing the dam area altogether. Furthermore, the natural flow of migratory fish was obstructed and biodiversity across the whole basin decreased dramatically. Immediately west of the Bund precinct was traditionally the hub of European-style restaurants and cafes, although in recent years these have become less of a feature as the demographics of visitors to Nanjing Road have shifted from affluent local residents to visitors from around the country. The average lake depth is 45 meters and the deepest is 93 meters. [citation needed], Although Nanjing Lukou had been designated an international airport since commencing operations, China's state administrations only approved it for foreign aircraft on 18 November 1997. The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, central China, downstream of the Three Gorges. Stanford University, 09 Mar 2009. [88] The largest orders in the Yangtze are Cypriniformes (280 species, including 150 endemics), Siluriformes (40 species, including 20 endemics), Perciformes (50 species, including 4 endemics), Tetraodontiformes (12 species, including 1 endemic) and Osmeriformes (8 species, including 1 endemic). [27] Bosshardt later related his account of the details of daily life on the Long March in a book.[28]. The movement passed, clearly depriving Braun of the right to direct military affairs. East China Normal University (ECNU) is a comprehensive public research university in Shanghai, China.It was formed in 1951 by the merger of the Great China University (est. One of the Standard Oil captains who survived this attack had served on the Upper River for 14 years. And Yngz Jing (; ) or the "Yangzi River", from which the English name Yangtze is derived, is the local name for the Lower Yangtze in the region of Yangzhou. For millennia, travelers crossed the river by ferry. Line 2: 9:3022:30 (stops: Cuipingshan Hotel, This page was last edited on 2 November 2022, at 10:32. [citation needed]. Every December, the people of Huaping and other places will hold a grand ceremony to celebrate the "Wide Season" (New Year's Day). The establishment of irrigation systems (the most famous one is Dujiangyan, northwest of Chengdu, built during the Warring States period) made agriculture very stable and productive, eventually exceeding even the Yellow River region. [84][85], In 2002 a pilot program was initiated to reconnect lakes to the Yangtze with the objective to increase biodiversity and to alleviate flooding. The Chinese authorities issued a further warning insisting that the ship leave Chinese waters. [88], Due to commercial use of the river, tourism, and pollution, the Yangtze is home to several seriously threatened species of large animals (in addition to fish): the narrow-ridged finless porpoise, baiji (Yangtze river dolphin), Chinese alligator, Yangtze giant softshell turtle and Chinese giant salamander. The Kingdom of Lijiang submitted to Khubilai Khan as he led his troops against the Dali kingdom in 1253. In 2012, the dam's 32 generating units generated a record 98.1 TWh of electricity, which accounts for 14% of China's total hydro generation. Though recently relocated to higher ground ahead of the Three Gorges Dam, the monument still stands overlooking the Upper Yangtze River near Yichang, a rare collective tribute to a westerner in China. Hangzhou (/ h d o / or / h d o /, HANG-joe; Chinese: , Hangzhounese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [xa.o] ()), also romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang, China.It is located in the northwestern part of the province, sitting at the head of Hangzhou Bay, which separates Shanghai and Ningbo. [121] The Chinese mitten crab is catadromous (migrates between fresh and saltwater) and it has been recorded up to 1,400km (870mi) up the Yangtze, which is the largest river in its native range. This accelerated after the 1998 Yangtze River floods convinced the government that it should restore tree cover, especially in the Yangtze's basin upstream of the Three Gorges Dam.[93]. Adjacent to, but not belonging to, the airport is the China Post express logistics center and the base for China Postal Airlines. [24] After an expedition of almost a year, the Second Red Army reached Bao'an (Shaanxi) on October 22, 1936, known in China as the "union of the three armies", and the end of the Long March. The origin of the Yangtze River has been dated by some geologists to about 45million years ago in the Eocene,[45] but this dating has been disputed. Nanjing railway station is served by a station of the same name on Line 1 and Line 3 of Nanjing Metro. The floods are generally considered among the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded, and almost certainly the deadliest of the 20th century (when pandemics and famines are discounted). Similar to *krong in Proto-Vietnamese and krung in Mon, all meaning "river", it is related to modern Vietnamese sng (river) and Khmer krung (city on riverside), whence Thai krung ( capital city), not kngkea (water) which is from the Sanskrit root gg. [115][116][117], The Yangtze basin contains a large number of freshwater crab species, including several endemics. Old Town of Lijiang () is a national historical and cultural city. [5]It was under the rule of the Naxi ruling house of the Mu family () during the Yuan (not yet named Mu), Ming, and Qing dynasties. [12] Several prominent members of the Chinese Soviet who remained behind were captured and executed by the Kuomintang after the fall of Ruijin in November 1934, including Qu Qiubai and the youngest brother of Mao Zedong, Mao Zetan. Today's Nanjing Road West was formerly Bubbling Well Road, an extra-settlement road built by concession authorities outside the concession proper. China is regarded as one of the world's oldest civilisations. Strictly speaking, the Long March was a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. [3], Construction of Nanjing Lukou International Airport started on 28 February 1995, and was completed two years later. [107] However, as there have been no confirmed sightings since 2004, the baiji is presumed to be functionally extinct at this time. In some contexts, "Nanjing Road" refers only to what was pre-1945 Nanjing Road, today's Nanjing Road East, which is largely pedestrianised. In 2005 a Yangtze Forum has been established bringing together 13 riparian provincial governments to manage the river from source to sea. The Chinese government sought to exercise full control over frontier areas against the warlords. [34] Very common in 18th- and 19th-century sources, the name fell out of favor due to growing awareness of its lack of any connection to the river's Chinese names[35][36] and to the irony of its application to such a muddy waterway. [17], By the Han dynasty, Jing had come to mean any river in Chinese, and this river was distinguished as the "Great River" (Djing). It is an important part of the Yulong Snow Mountain Scenic Area. The Yangtze flows through a wide array of ecosystems and is habitat to several endemic and threatened species including the Chinese alligator, the narrow-ridged finless porpoise, and also was the home of the now extinct Yangtze river dolphin (or baiji) and Chinese paddlefish, as well as the Yangtze sturgeon, which is extinct in the wild. On October 16, 1934, a force of about 130,000 soldiers and civilians under Bo Gu and Otto Braun attacked the line of Kuomintang positions near Yudu. Phase I of the Ninggao Intercity Line and Line S1 of the Nanjing Metro link the airport with Nanjing South railway station. In 2005 Baidang Lake in Anhui was also reconnected. At an altitude of 2,416 meters, the city covers an area of 3.8 square kilometers. The airport consists of two terminals, two 3600-meter runways (paralleled by three taxiways and connected by two taxiways), two control towers, a cargo center, a transportation center, and an apron. It was built in the late Song dynasty (late 13th century AD). In 333BC, Chu finally united the lower Yangtze by annexing Yue, whose royal family was said to have fled south and established the Minyue kingdom in Fujian. [6], Media related to Nanjing railway station at Wikimedia Commons. Glantz, Mickey. [153] 27, finished its final test, the six underground main generators are also in operation, raising capacity to 22.5 GW. No. [86] In 2006 China's Ministry of Agriculture made it a national policy to reconnect the Yangtze River with its lakes. The entire journey takes approximately 35 minutes and costs 7 RMB. In a meeting to decide the army's direction, Zhou sided with Mao, making Braun "fly into a rage because he was overruled in the debate." Before the dam was constructed, the maximum freight capacity at the Three Gorges site was 18.0million tonnes per year. Of these plant species, 57 percent are endangered. The Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (PRD; Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhjing Snjiozhu Chngshqun; Jyutping: Zyu 1 gong 1 Saam 1 gok 3 zau 1 Sing 4 si 5 hyun 1; Portuguese: Delta do Rio das Prolas (DRP)) is the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary, where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea.It is one of the most densely It contains 39.3km3 (31,900,000acreft) of water and has a total surface area of 1,045km2 (403sqmi). The ship lift takes 30 to 40 minutes to transit, as opposed to the three to four hours for stepping through the locks. She is the mountain of the hearts of the Naxi people. The ship lift is to the right of the dam body with its own designated waterway. [99] The dam contributed to the functional extinction of the baiji Yangtze river dolphin. [86], Research by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization suggested that the Asia-Pacific region would, overall, gain about 6,000km2 (2,300sqmi) of forest by 2008. Zhou blamed the Red Army's failures on poor decisions at the leadership level, and blamed himself as one of the three people most responsible. Zhou's willingness to accept responsibility was well received. [93][94] Surveys conducted between 2006 and 2008 by ichthyologists failed to catch any, but two probable specimens were recorded with hydroacoustic signals. The generator produces electrical power at 20kV. [8] A fortified perimeter was established by Chiang's forces, and Jiangxi was besieged in an attempt to destroy the Communist forces trapped within. Zhou at this time, apparently with strong support from Party and military colleagues, reorganized and standardized the Red Army. Since the enemy was close, Zhou, in charge of logistics, made his plans in complete secrecy. Intensive farming of fish in ponds spread using one type of carp who thrived in eutrophic water conditions and who feeds on algae, causing widespread pollution. China, Places We Protect: The Yangtze River. [13] Most Communist losses occurred over only two days of heavy fighting, from November 30 to December 1, 1934. [70], In August 2019, Welsh adventurer Ash Dykes became the first person to complete the 4,000-mile (6,437km) trek along the course of the river, walking for 352 days from its source to its mouth.[71]. In 1931, floods on the river caused the deaths of up to 4 million people. [64] Achibald John Little took an interest in Upper Yangtze navigation when in 1876, the Chefoo Convention opened Chongqing to consular residence but stipulated that foreign trade might only commence once steamships had succeeded in ascending the river to that point. [90] In the first four months of 2010, there were 97 significant landslides. The original plans called for the dam to employ a unique method for moving ships: the ships would enter locks located at the lower and upper ends of the dam and then cranes would move the ships from one lock to the next. [66] Shutung was commandeered by warlords and Shuhun was brought down river to Shanghai for safekeeping. The Jardine in any case needed repairs and was sent to Singapore. [14], Jade Dragon Snow Mountain () is located between 10042-1001630 east longitude and 2732-271857 north latitude. The Naxi people generally live in dam areas, river valleys and half-mountain areas. The campaign continued until the end of 1931, killing approximately 70,000 people and reducing the size of the Red Army from 40,000 to less than 10,000. Mao was passed over for the position of General Secretary by Zhang Wentian, but gained enough influence to be elected one of three members of Military Affairs Commission. The pattern is mostly "three rooms and one wall", and the mountainous areas are mostly low wooden raft houses, which are covered with wooden boards. The Naxi people love singing and dancing, and there are often mass songs and dances in production labor and national festivals. Eat a golden crisp, sweet and delicious, oily but not greasy. Veilleux, ; and de Lafontaine, Y. Some of China's largest cities", "Three Gorges Dam, China: Image of the Day", International Rivers, Three Gorges Dam profile, "New stimulus measures by China to boost economic growth", "90 percent of ocean plastic waste comes from Asia and Africa Earth.com", "BaxterSagart Old Chinese Reconstruction", "Effects of the Three Gorges Project on Runoff and Related Benefits of the Key Regions along Main Branches of the Yangtze River". Some sites could not be moved because of their location, size, or design such as the hanging coffins site high in the Shen Nong Gorge is part of the cliffs. Eastward of the Three Gorges, Yichang is the first city on the Yangtze Plain. In 2003, two British researchers, Ed Jocelyn and Andrew McEwen,[33] retraced the route in 384days,[26][33] and in their 2006 book "The Long March" estimated the March actually covered about 6,000km (3,700 miles or 11,154 li). Commercial firms, Robert Dollar Company, Jardine Matheson, Butterfield and Swire and Standard Oil added their own steamers on the river between 1917 and 1919. The Three Gorges Dam has been the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500MW) since 2012. [13], A meeting at Tongdao, close to the border of Hunan and Guizhou, was convened to discuss the direction of the Red Army on December 12, 1934. The Tongtian is the Drichu ( , Bri Chu), literally "Water of the Female Yak"; transliterated into Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhq). We needed that to express the fighting spirit of our forces. It is said that the Naxi people protect the gods of the "three more" incarnation. In the 15th and 16th centuries Changshu was several times attacked by Japanese pirates.. Changshu has traditionally been a Lijiang (Chinese: ), also known as Likiang, is a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China. For other uses, see, Determining the direction of the Red Army. As there are separate sets of locks for upstream and downstream traffic, this system is more water efficient than bi-directional staircase locks. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. National Development and Reform Commission, List of largest hydroelectric power stations, "Three Gorges Dam Hydro Electric Power Plant, China", "China's Three Gorges Dam sets world hydropower production record China Daily", "Itaipu ends 2016 with a historic production of 103.09 million MWh", "Snxi gngchng zuhu y ti jz jish 72 xiosh sh ynxng", "Three Gorges underground power station electrical and mechanical equipment is fully handed over production", "Three Gorges reservoir raises water to target level", "Final Turbine at China's Three Gorges Dam Begins Testing", "The world's largest 'L boat lift' Three Gorges Dam successfully tested", "Untamed Waterways Kill Thousands Yearly", "Global Challenges: Ecological and Technological Advances Around the World", "An Examination of China's Three Gorges Dam Project Based on the Framework Presented in the Report of The World Commission on Dams", "Water level at Three Gorges Project raised to full capacity", "Three Gorges Dam Project Quick Facts", " (Three Gorges reservoir: World submergence area biggest reservoir)", "International Water Power and Dam Construction", "China's Three Gorges Dam, by the Numbers", "Three Gorges underground power station water-filled start the third unit successfully put into operation in July plans", "Three Gorges Project Generates 78.29 Bln Kwh of Electricity in 2011", "China's Three Gorges dam 'breaks world hydropower record', "Itaipu bate Trs Gargantas e reassume liderana em produo Itaipu Binacional", "Three Gorges Project reaches 1 trillion kWh milestone", "China's Three Gorges project increases power output in 2017", "Three Gorges Dam generates record amount of power", "Three Gorges crosses 100b kWh power generation mark in 2021", "The 26 units of the left and right shore power stations of the Three Gorges Project were all put into commercial operation", "China's Three Gorges sets new production record", "Construction of the Three Gorges Project and Ecological Protection", Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering, "Environmental controversy over the Three Gorges Dam", "No Casualties in Three Gorges Dam Landslide", "Chinese dam causes quakes and landslides", "Three Gorges Dam 'could be huge disaster', "Three Gorges Dam: A Blessing or an Environmental Disaster? The commercialization of Nanjing East Road has both a promotion and a restrictive effect.[5]. [44], Power generation is managed by China Yangtze Power, a listed subsidiary of China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC) a Central Enterprise SOE administered by SASAC. [32][33] Construction started on December 14, 1994. Lecture. Yunnan UK: / j u n n /, US: / j u n n / (Chinese: ) is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China.The province borders the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, autonomous regions of Guangxi, and Tibet as well as Southeast Asian countries: Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar.Yunnan is China's fourth least developed province He Long and Xiao Ke were married to sisters who also accompanied the army. County and Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture Dayao and Yongren counties, west and north are adjacent to Lanping County of Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Weixi County of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. A series of franchised stores were also set up at that time. 1st. Areas marked by a blue "X" were overrun by Kuomintang forces during the Fourth Encirclement Campaign, forcing the Fourth Red Army (north) and the Second Red Army (south) to retreat to more western enclaves (dotted lines).The dashed line is the Authors Andrew McEwen and Ed Jocelyn who retraced the route of the Long March, interviewing survivors along the way, said that a woman in her early 80s recalled that local people led the way across the bridge and were all shot and killed. This is the only other place besides the United States that is native to an alligator and paddlefish species. [126] As Mao had predicted, the city was weakly defended, and was too far from Nationalist forces to be under immediate threat of attack. The Fresco was built in the Ming dynasty 600 years ago, the Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute was built 800 years ago, it is the headquarters of the Naxi embroideries and also, a school for the Naxi embroiderers. In Chinese it was usually referred to as the Main Road (). Only the Ming occupied most parts of China from their capital at Nanjing, though it later moved the capital to Beijing. [104], While many fish species native to the Yangtze are seriously threatened, others have become important in fish farming and introduced widely outside their native range. This capacity will reduce the frequency of major downstream flooding from once every 10 years to once every 100years. [96][97][98], The largest threats to the Yangtze native fish are overfishing and habitat loss (such as building of dams and land reclamation), but pollution, destructive fishing practices (such as fishing with dynamite or poison) and introduced species also cause problems. Indeed, early Communist units would often form by defection from existing Kuomintang forces, and they kept their original designations. The Communist leadership decided on a strategic retreat to regroup with other Communist units, and to avoid annihilation. It is located in the suburban Jiangning Nanjing railway station (Chinese: ; pinyin: Nnjng Zhn) is a major railway station of Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province. van Dijk, P.P. By 1930, the Communist Red Army had established the Chinese Soviet Republic in the provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian around the city of Ruijin, including industrial facilities. The total capacity of the ship locks is expected to reach 100million tonnes per year.[84]. The reservoir's flood storage capacity is 22km3 (5.3cumi; 18millionacreft). In 2019-2020, the section between Middle Henan Road and the Bund (East-1 Zhongshan Road) was converted into a pedestrian-only zone, extending the pedestrian mall eastward to the Bund. [41] The British diplomat Thomas Wade emended this to Yang-tzu Chiang as part of his formerly popular romanization of Chinese, based on the Beijing dialect instead of Nanjing's and first published in 1867. In August 1917, British Asiatic Petroleum became the first foreign merchant steamship on the Upper Yangtze. On occasions, the crossing may have been dangerous, as evidenced by the Zhong'anlun disaster (October 15, 1945). 181). [10] After nine years of construction, installation and testing, the power plant was fully operational by July 2012. Mao suggested to Zhou that the Red Army change direction, towards Guizhou, where Mao expected enemy defenses to be weak. Model of the Three Gorges Dam showing the ship lift and the ship lock. [50] Human activity has been verified in the Three Gorges area as far back as 27,000 years ago,[51] and by the 5th millenniumBC, the lower Yangtze was a major population center occupied by the Hemudu and Majiabang cultures, both among the earliest cultivators of rice. Nevertheless, only some 8,000 troops under Mao's command, the First Front Army, ultimately made it to the final destination of Yan'an in 1935. Plant trained hundreds of Chinese and foreign pilots and issued licenses and worked with the Chinese government to make the river safer in 1917 by removing some of the most difficult obstacles and threats with explosives. ][46][47], The glaciers of the Tanggula Mountains, the traditional source of the Yangtze River, The Tuotuo River, a headwater stream of the Yangtze River, known in Tibetan as Maqu, or the "Red River", The first turn of the Yangtze at Shigu () in Yunnan, where the river turns 180 degrees from south- to north-bound, Narrowest point of the Tiger Leaping Gorge near Lijiang downstream from Shigu, The Jinsha, "Golden Sands River", in Yunnan, Although the mouth of the Yellow River has fluctuated widely north and south of the Shandong peninsula within the historical record, the Yangtze has remained largely static. The people living in Xiaoliangshan are generally low in order to avoid the cold of the mountains. As the kingdoms of Wu and Yue, they were famed as fishers, shipwrights, and sword-smiths. Until 2010, this was the main railway station of Nanjing, with the great majority of all trains serving Nanjing using this station. When there is enough flow, power output is limited by plant generating capacity. This marked Mao's position as the pre-eminent leader of the Party, with Zhou in a position second to Mao. [11], Erkuai is a type of rice cake, the name literally means "ear piece," a reference to the shape of one of its common forms. Bridge-building slowed in the 1980s before resuming in the 1990s and accelerating in the first decade of the 21st century. [29] Some 54 Chinese engineers went to the U.S.A for training. In the first year of the Tianxi Reign in the Eastern Wu Between 1918 and 1919, Sichuan warlord violence and escalating civil war put Sichuan Steam Navigational Company out of business. On 23 August 1937, a Chinese warplane attempting to bomb the Japanese ship Izumo missed its target, dropping four bombs onto the crowded nearby streets, two of which landed on Nanjing Road. Among them, the Spring Festival and the Chaoshan Festival are the most solemn. [37] It has a combined generating capacity of 22.5 gigawatts and a designed annual generation capacity of 88.2 billion kilowatt hours. Citadel Press. [24] Finally, in October 1935, Mao's army reached Shaanxi province and joined with local Communist forces there, led by Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang, and Xu Haidong, who had already established a Soviet base in northern Shaanxi. He cited missiles would only deliver minimal damage to the reinforced concrete, and any attack attempts would need to go through multiple layers of ground and air defenses.[146][147]. Xintiandi (Chinese: ; pinyin: Xntind, Shanghainese: Shinthidi lit. It is produced in Lijiangba and belongs to the yellow bean family. In July 1934, the leaders of the Party, dominated by the "Twenty-Eight Bolsheviks", a militant group formed in Moscow by Wang Ming and Bo Gu, forced Mao from the Politburo of the CCP in Ruijin and placed him briefly under house arrest. The Yangtze River has over 700 tributaries. In this sense, the Long March lasted from October 16, 1934, to October 19, 1935. The Long March most commonly refers to the transfer of the main group of the First (or Central) Red Army, which included the leaders of the CCP, from Yudu in the province of Jiangxi to Yan'an in Shaanxi. [26] Forces of the Second Army detained two European missionaries, Rudolf Bosshardt and Arnolis Hayman, for 16 months. [120][121] The other two members were Zhou Enlai, who retained his position as Director of the commission, and Wang Jiaxiang, whose support Mao had enlisted earlier. In 1936, they were dispatched to Nanjing where a depository had been built and a branch of the Palace Museum was to be established. The most famous was Luding Bridge, extolled in official history as an heroic triumph, although many historians now believe that the difficulty of the battle was exaggerated or that the incident was fabricated for propaganda purposes. Fare between the airport and city area ranges from 80 to 120. The station opened in September 1968, shortly before the opening of the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. [130] As of June 2008, China relocated 1.24million residents (ending with Gaoyang in Hubei Province) as 13 cities, 140 towns and 1350 villages either flooded or were partially flooded by the reservoir,[131][132][133] about 1.5% of the province's 60.3million and Chongqing Municipality's 31.44million population. While in the Sichuan basin, it receives several mighty tributaries, increasing its water volume significantly. [13] The dividing site between upstream and midstream is considered to be at Yichang and that between midstream and downstream at Hukou (Jiujiang).[19]. [108] This increases the flow rate of the river downstream, and provides fresh water for agricultural and industrial usage. The prosperous Yangtze Delta generates as much as 20% of China's GDP. These tributaries join and the river then runs eastward through Qinghai (Tsinghai), turning southward down a deep valley at the border of Sichuan (Szechwan) and Tibet to reach Yunnan. Of these, less than 7,000 were among the original 100,000 soldiers who had started the march. The History of Nanjing Road can be traced back to the year 1845. Opposite the park are some of Shanghai's prestigious historic hotels, including Park Hotel. [13] The Red army successfully crossed the Xinfeng River and marched through the province of Guangdong and into Hunan before encountering the last of Chiang's fortifications at the Xiang River. Within a year, the Japanese had invaded most of eastern China. Since the Han dynasty, the region of the Yangtze River grew ever more important to China's economy. During the planning to evacuate Jiangxi, the First Red Army was unaware that these other Communist forces were also retreating westward. [95] Freshwater fish are especially affected by dams due to changes in the water temperature and flow regime. Bo Gu, the first speaker, attributed the Red Army's losses to "objective" causes, particularly the enemy's overwhelming numerical superiority, and poor coordination of Communist forces. Concerns about the potential wildlife impact of the dam predate the National People's Congress's approval in 1992. [5] Though the kingdom was incorporated into the Mongol empire then the Yuan dynasty, it was given the status of tusi, or indigenous office, which gave autonomy to the local Naxi rulers. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. 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